Critical Analysis of Colleen Burke’s ‘Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology’ Essay Example

Critical Analysis of Colleen Burke’s ‘Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology’ Essay The article by Colleen Burke titled Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology is well written, insightful and instructive. The author draws on parallels between the works of two great intellectuals in the form of Joseph Conrad and Carl Gustav Jung. Although Conrad and Jung were not contemporaries, one could see striking resemblances between the theories proposed by them. Indeed, Conrad preceded Jung by a generation, yet there are strong analogues to Jungian Psychology to be witnessed in the works of Conrad, most accessible in the novella The Heart of Darkness. The rest of this essay will delve further into this assertion, by way of underscoring the valid rationale presented by Colleen Burke in her article. Access to Jung’s views on Africa is to be found in his personal memoirs of his travels within the continent. In his classic memoir Memories, Dreams and Reflections, Jung expounds on the mysteries of African wilderness to that of its political and social institutions. In his observations, Africa is a ‘place of darkness’, where primitivism, barbarism and wild nature have suppressed the development of finer civilization. Jung contends that for the European explorer, the novelty and shock of this experience is not merely intellectual and cultural, but rather goes deeper. It is no less than an encounter with his/her own primal unconscious that the European experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Colleen Burke’s ‘Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Colleen Burke’s ‘Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Colleen Burke’s ‘Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We find in The Heart of Darkness too that the African journey of the protagonist Marlow is symbolic of his journey within. And akin to the chaos and expanse of the African landscape, the inner world of the European individual countering Africa comes across as a dream-world bordering on the surreal. For example, â€Å"both Jung and Conrad experienced Africa as a dreamscape, slipping from the physical to the metaphoric in a trance-like state.† In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung notes while in Kakamegas that he was unsure if his perception had shifted from dream to the reality or vice versa. Likewise, the central character of The Heart of Darkness, Marlow, talks about his ambiguous feelings thus: â€Å"It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream — making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation†¦.† (Conrad, as quoted in Burke, 1996). Hence, it is evident that both Conrad and Jung held analogous views on the interconnectedness of the rich African geo-physical tapestry and the inner-depths of individual sub-consciousness. Moreover, the timeless, ethereal and primordial feel of the African cultural experience is a metaphor for the alienation of the subconscious self from outward manifestation of personality. What both Conrad and Jung are hinting at is that the cultural constructs carried by Europeans are fragile indeed, easily shaken by the powerful forces lying within the Dark Continent. Further, both authors suggest an evolution of consciousness that accompanies a journey deep into Africa. This evolution is said to enhance and enrich the psychological life of the subject. Beyond the affect on the mind and the psyche, there’s also the potential for spiritual growth. In the case of Marlow, the journey is â€Å"the archetypal myth dramatized in much great literature since the Book of Jonah: the story of an essentially solitary journey involving profound spiritual change in the voyager. In its classical form the journey is a descent into the earth, followed by a return to the light.† Again, this perspective is present in the works of Jung as well. We also find manifestations of Jung’s concepts of the anima and animus in the narrative of The Heart of Darkness. These two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind are clearly evident in the descriptions of the motives and actions of Marlow and Kurtz. Colleen Burke’s thesis is strengthened by the fact that both authors in discussion draw upon their personal subjective experiences of Africa as much as from objective interpretation. While this may go against norms of scientific enquiry, probing into the sub-conscious terrain is best accomplished through subjective/personal expression. This strong parallel between the works of Jung and Conrad, further supports the stated thesis. The other theme persistent throughout the works of both authors is that of ‘darkness’. This word is subject to wide range of interpretation, as it represents the enveloping darkness of the swamps of Congo as well as the resident evil of individual consciousness. It could further be interpreted as the political intrigue and chaos that has engulfed the continent ever since European imperialism got established. This notion of ‘darkness’ articulated by Jung also shows up through references to ‘shadow’ in The Heart of Darkness. As Burke notes, â€Å"the word ‘shadow’ itself postulates the illusory nature of this unconscious assertion of evil; a shadow is a reflection of reality rather than substantial reality. But it is no less dangerous, for the archetypal; shadow in the unconscious spins the illusions that veil the conscious world, leaving the individual out of touch with reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Burke, 1996) Hence in conclusion, in the face of such compelling evidence showcasing the analogue between the postulations of Conrad and Jung, it is difficult to find antithetical positions to Colleen Burke’s thesis. Perhaps, if there is one area she fails to address, it is the misplaced sense of European ethno-superiority that is obvious in both Conrad and Jung. But beyond this, Burke accomplishes what she sets out to do, namely, to find the metaphor of Jungian Psychology in Conrad’s masterpiece The Heart of Darkness. This achievement should stand the test of time and further critical scholarship on the subject. Works Cited: Colleen Burke, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Metaphor of Jungian Psychology, 1996. Jung, C. G. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. Ed. Aniela Jaffe. New York: Random House, 1989. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990.

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death Ix Chel (sometimes spelled Ixchel) is, according to longstanding archaeological tradition, the Mayan moon goddess, one of the most important and ancient of Maya deities, connected to fertility and procreation. Her name Ix Chel has been translated as â€Å"Lady Rainbow† or as â€Å"She of the Pale Face,† an allusion to the moons surface. Fast Facts: Ix Chel Known For: Goddess of the Moon, fertility, physical love, weaving.Religion: Classic and Late Post Classic period Maya.  Also Known As: Lady Rainbow, She of the Pale Face, Goddess I, and Goddess O.  Appearance: Two aspects: a young, sensual woman and an old crone.  Shrines: Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, Mexico.Appearances: Madrid and Dresden codexes. According to Spanish colonial records, the Maya thought the moon goddess wandered the sky, and when she wasnt in the sky she was said to live in the cenotes (natural sinkholes filled with water). When the waning moon appeared again in the east, people made pilgrimages to the Ix Chel shrine on Cozumel. In the traditional pantheon of Maya gods and goddesses, Ix Chel has two aspects, that of a young sensual woman and an aged crone. However, that pantheon was built by archaeologists and historians based on a wide variety of sources, including iconography, oral history, and historical records. Over the decades of research, Mayanists have often debated whether they have incorrectly combined two female deities (Goddess I and Goddess O)  into one Moon Goddess. Goddess I The primary aspect of Goddess I is as a youthful wife, beautiful and downright sexy, and she is occasionally associated with references to the lunar crescent and rabbits, a pan-Mesoamerican reference to the moon. (In fact, many cultures see a rabbit in the moons face, but thats another story). She often appears with a beak-like appendage protruding from her upper lip. Goddess I is known as Ixik Kab (Lady Earth) or Ixik Uh (Lady Moon) in the Maya books known as the Madrid and Dresden codices,  and in the Madrid codex she appears as both a young and aged version. Goddess I presides over marriage, human fertility and physical love. Her other names include Ix Kanab (Child of Lady of the Seas) and Ix Tan Dzonot (Child of She in the Middle of the Cenote). Ixik Kab is associated with weaving in the post-classic period, and the aged form of Ixik Kab is often shown weaving and/or wearing a pair of horn-like elements on her head which likely represent spindles. Goddess O Goddess O, on the other hand, is a powerful aged woman identified not just with birth and creation but with death and world destruction. If these are different goddesses and not aspects of the same goddess, Goddess O is most likely to be the Ix Chel of the ethnographic reports. Goddess O is married to Itzamna and thus is one of the two creator gods of Maya origin myths. Goddess O has a raft of phonetic names including Chac Chel (Red Rainbow or Great End). Goddess O is depicted with a red body, and sometimes with feline aspects such as jaguar claws and fangs; sometimes she wears a skirt marked with crossed bones and other death symbols. She is closely identified with the Mayan rain god Chaac (God B) and often seen illustrated with pouring water or flood images. The fact that Goddess Os name means both rainbows and destruction may come as a surprise, but unlike in our Western society rainbows are not good omens for the Maya but are bad ones, the flatulence of the demons which arise from dry wells. Chac Chel is associated with weaving, cloth production, and spiders; with water, curing, divination, and destruction; and with making children and childbirth. Four Goddesses? The Moon Goddess of the Maya mythology may actually have many more aspects. The earliest Spanish travelers in the early 16th century recognized that there was a flourishing religious practice among the Maya dedicated to aixchel or yschel. The local men denied knowing the meaning of the goddess; but she was a deity of the Chontal, Manche Chol, Yucatec, and Pocomchi groups in the early colonial period. Ix Chel was one of four related goddesses worshiped on the islands of Cozumel and Isla de Mujeres: Ix Chel, Ix Chebal Yax, Ix Hunie, and Ix Hunieta. Mayan women made pilgrimages to their temples on the island of Cozumel and placed her idols underneath their beds, asking for help. The Oracle of Ix Chel According to several historical records, during the Spanish colonial period, there was a life-sized ceramic statue known as the Oracle of Ix Chel located on Cozumel Island. The oracle at Cozumel is said to have been consulted during the foundation of new settlements and in times of warfare. Pilgrims were said to have followed sacbe (the prepared Maya causeways) from as far away as Tabasco, Xicalango, Champoton, and Campeche to venerate the goddess. The Mayan pilgrimage route crossed the Yucatan from west to east, mirroring the pathway of the moon through the sky. Colonial dictionaries report that the pilgrims were known as hula and the priests were Aj Kin. The Aj Kin posed the pilgrims questions to the statue and, in exchange for offerings of copal incense, fruit, and bird and dog sacrifices, reported the answers in the voice of the oracle. Francisco de Lopez de Gomara (Hernan Cortes chaplain) described the shrine on Cozumel island as a square tower, wide at the base and stepped all around. The upper half was erect and at the top was a niche with a thatched roof and four openings or windows. Inside this space was a large, hollow, kiln-fired clay image fastened to the wall with lime plaster: this was the image of the moon goddess Ix Chel. Finding the Oracle There are several temples located near the cenotes at the Maya sites of San Gervasio, Miramar, and El Caracol on Cozumel Island. One which has been identified as a plausible location for the oracle-shrine is the Kana Nah or High House at San Gervasio. San Gervasio was an administrative and ceremonial center on Cozumel, and it had three complexes of five groups of buildings all connected by sacbe. Kana Nah (Structure C22-41) was part of one of those complexes, consisting of a small pyramid, five meters (16 feet) in height with a square plan of four stepped tiers and a main stairway bordered by a railing. Mexican archaeologist Jesus Galindo Trejo argues that the Kana Nah pyramid appears to be aligned with the major lunar standstill when the moon sets at its extreme point on the horizon. The connection of C22-41 as a contender for the Ixchel Oracle was first put forward by American archaeologists David Freidel and Jeremy Sabloff in 1984. So, Who Was Ix Chel? American archaeologist Traci Ardren (2015) has argued that the identification of Ix Chel as a single moon goddess combining female sexuality and traditional gender roles of fertility comes straight from the minds of the earliest scholars studying her. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, says Ardren, male western scholars brought their own biases about women and their roles in society into their theories about Maya myths. These days, Ix Chels reputed fertility and beauty have been appropriated by several non-specialists, commercial properties, and new age religions, but as Ardren quotes Stephanie Moser, it is dangerous for archaeologists to assume we are the only people who can create meaning out of the past. Selected Sources Ardren, Traci. Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess. Antiquity 80.307 (2015): 25–37. Print.Boskovic, Aleksandar. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84.1/3 (1989): 203–12. Print.Colas, Pierre Robert, Katja Christiane  Stengert, and Urlich Wolfel. The Mapping of Ix Chel: A Terminal Classic Secondary Maya Site on the Northern Vaca Plateau, Belize, Central America. Northern Vaca Plateau Geoarchaeology Project, 2006. Print.Galindo Trejo, Jesus. Calendric-Astronomical Alignment of Architectural Structures in Mesoamerica: An Ancestral Cultural Practice. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 21–36. Print.Iwaniszewski, Stanislaw. Time and the Moon in Maya Culture: The Case of Cozumel. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 39 œ55. Print.Polk, Jason S., Philip E. van Beynen, and Philip P. Reeder. Late Holocene Environmental Reconstruction Using Cave Sediments from Belize. Quaternary Research 68.1 (2007): 53–63. Print. Ã…  prajc, Ivan. Archaeological Sites on the Island of Cozumel: The Role of Astronomy in Architectural and Urban Planning. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 57–83. Print.

CA eng 1st Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CA eng 1st - Essay Example I believed that my father, being an illiterate man, was able to achieve enough respect in his life and I would be able to achieve the same by joining him eventually. I did not believe that education had anything to do with being successful and reputed. One day, when I was 16 years old, my father surprised me and told me that it was about time I came along and participated in a meeting with a supplier. He explained to me that this meeting was extremely important and it would be like a dream come true if the contract was signed. The contract was to export lights to another country and expand the business globally. I was extremely excited! I could see the enthusiasm in y father’s eye and he was hopeful that the deal would fall through. The meeting was with a man who had come from a foreign nation. He was unable to speak the national language and the issue started when he realized that my father was illiterate and he could not converse in English appropriately. The man seemed disappointed and he judged my father instantly as soon as he realized he wasn’t educated. Throughout the meeting I felt my father was constantly struggling to convince him to make the deal but he failed. The man had made up his mind. He did not want to do business with an illiterate businessman. I saw the grief and disappointment in my father’s eyes. His dreams had been shattered. He looked at me feeling helpless and asked us to leave. Seeing the helpless, disappointed look in his eyes made me decide instantly that I would not let my father down and I would fulfill his dream by being literate and moving his business forward. He would not be disappointed anymore and I would achieve in my life what this contemporary world requires out of business men. This was the moment of truth where I understood that in order to fulfill your dreams education plays a vital role. I stand here in front of you a proud man as

Distance Zones (Sociology Class) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Distance Zones (Sociology Class) - Research Paper Example In his groundbreaking study, Prof. Hall introduced the four notations in his system, which are the public, social, personal and intimate distance (Weiten, Dunn & Hammer 247). The diagram as shown below illustrates his theory on how distance affects the way people will interact: This paper is a summary of several observations made in a crowded mall nearby and how many people fit into Halls distance zones during the course of the day, as shown below. The table comprises a total of one hundred observations made over the course of one hour: The largest group is composed of social distance which is not quite surprising if we consider that the mall is pretty much crowded during the time of the observation and it is also a weekend (Sunday mid-afternoon). People may have wanted more distance between them but inside a crowded mall, this is not entirely possible, especially with a special sale going on and there were many shoppers hunting for bargains. This partly explains why the public zone was smaller than anticipated because the mall is an enclosed space rather than an open mall like a country mall (strip mall) or town center. The third largest group is the intimate zone as lovers (adolescents, young singles, newly-married spouses and older couples) may have found a sale a good reason to bring their loved ones along and at the same time enjoy a little intimacy too. The personal zone comprised the smallest group and this more or less coincides with the rare occasion of a special sale for friends or colleagues to go out to gether. Many people have opted to go with their families or lovers, instead of going out with friends, many of whom they see a lot of times already on other occasions. The intimate distance group is not limited to lovers only but includes families going out together (parents and children) as well. As an aside, it is rare to have seen an older man and a younger woman

Christianity and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity and Philosophy - Essay Example The fundamental method of western philosophy is the use of reasoning to evaluate arguments. Christianity has contributed to Western thoughts and beliefs. Greek philosophy has a great influence on Christianity, so much so that the characteristics, manner, and ethics of the Church came from Greek philosophy. Greek philosophers believed in one God. They were Monotheists. This has led to the main method of western philosophy which is to use reasoning in order to evaluate arguments. Throughout the world, people from various cultures argue which philosophy method is correct. As stated by McCabe and Kalthoff (1907, p. 60), "Since Xenophanes wrote in the sixth century of the one God, supreme above all gods and men, not to be compared to mortals either in shape or thought, all eye, all ear, all mind, the idea of God's unity became an essential part of Greek philosophy." In other words, the ancient Greeks (the Hellenes) are key contributors to Christianity's impact on philosophy. In return, Ch ristianity owes its debt to the Greeks. Western philosophy is influenced by Greco-Roman philosophy which consisted of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Then the Medieval philosophy came about and this was when Augustine of Hippo and Albertus Magnus, Christian philosophers who were also scholars, started their writings.

Project Design for IPMS

Project Design for IPMS   1. Scope Statement. In order to develop an effective project for IPMS within 12 weeks with limited costs using limited resources provided by Whitireia using IPMS to monitor and handle software companys projects, roles, employee information, skill level and timetables for its client and third party 1.1 Functional requirement: 1. To everybody can use the IPMS well, they must can create at least four kind of roles in the system, one is the administrator, who can maintain the system; the second is normal employee who can login to update details, the third is project manager, the fourth is project team member. Each employee has only one unique employee ID. 2. IPMS must can add, update and search the project, and the project manager can assign each task to available employee. And the project manager can add, delete, update and search employees. 3. The employee must have a job code, job title and other details such as the date to commence, hourly rate etc. 4. IPMS can let project manager add new job titles and details. And add new client. 5. The system must be able to show who responsible to each different tasks 6. The program manager and the team member must can be print the report, and they must be able to fill daily record and time sheet. 8. The clients must be able to check the projects time sheet. 9. The team member must be able to show the test result, and fix them. 10. The project must be show the project details. 1.2 Non-Functional Requirement (Optional Req) User may or could 1. IPMS should add more skill levels, or delete. 2. E.g.: DB storage 3. Upgrades/ Maintenance 4. Reliability 5. Scalability 1.3 Technical Requirements Software: OS-Windows 10, Visual Studio 2015, SQL Server 2014, Visio 2016, Word 2016, Excel2016, Languages: C#. Hardware: CPU, Ram, Disk, Mainboard, MainBox 2. Case diagram. 3. IPMSs design class details 4. Ten Questions. 4.1 Interface and Inherited. Interface: The interface is a special abstract class; it cannot be instantiated, the same as abstract class (because it contains abstract members, and abstract members do not contain method body). When you want to declare the interface, C# required you to use the Interface keyword, the same as class. There is no fields in the interface, so it is not possible to define explicit attributes in the interface. If you want to inherited interfaces, you must implement all the abstract members of the interface. And in inheritance class, no need to use the override keyword in interface members realization. And you must keep the same sign to achieve the interface. The different between abstract class and interface are: you can find the parent class when you use the abstract class, and hope the parent class inherited to some subclass members. If you use interface, it is a purely to achieve the norms of the class. In this project, it can use the interface in print, like print the invoice, just getInvoice(), then use print interface, or getReport(), then use print interface. That mean it can print everything. Just print. Inherited: Inheritance allows us to define another class based on a class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an application. It also conducive to reuse code and save development time. When creating a class, the programmer does not need to completely rewrite the new data members and member functions, only need to design a new class, inherited the existing members of the class can be. This existing class is called the base class, and this new class is called the derived class. C# only supports single inheritance, that means a category can only inherit from a parent class. But we can use interfaces to implement multiple inheritance. In this system, the project manager can look as the employees subclass, and inherited all the attribution from the employees. 4.2 Polymorphism Polymorphism means that the sender of a stimulus does not need to know the receiving instances class. The receiving instance can be login to an arbitrary class. Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach page 55. In polymorphism, sender doesnt explain the meaning of a message or event or stimulus, it is explained by the recipient (the object that received the message). So, in the runtime if the recipient is changed to different object or instance, the system will change the behavior. In this system, if we need to calculate each employees wage, different kind of employee has different salary, but they all need to calculate wage, Here the procedure (calculate wage) is same, but each employee has different result way to do it, it depends on the Runtime(). Iemployee list[]= getAll employee(); For(i=0; list.length, i++) { list[i].calculatewage(); } 4.3 Event Handlers and Delegate. Delegate has the type-safe, secure managed feature to ensure that the delegate points to the existing function (method), if the delegate has not stored any way to call, the CLR will throw an exception. More precisely: Delegate is a special type of C #, used to define the method / function of the signature, delegate entity (instance) can store one or more method with signature. It need 4 steps to declare a delegate: declare, create, point and invoke. To declare an event within a class, you must first declare the delegate type for the event. delegate After the class declares an event, the event can be processed as if it were processing the field of the delegate type indicated. If no client will be entrusted with the event, the field will be empty; Otherwise the field references the delegate that should be called when the event is called. Therefore, when the event is called, it is usually checked whether it is empty, and then call the event. From the context of declaring events, the event is like a field, but access to that field is very restricted. Only can do the following: Write a new delegate on this field. Removes a delegate from a field (possibly a compound field). Use the + = and = operators to do this. To start receiving an event call, first creates a delegate of the event type in the client coding, which should be referenced from the event call. Then it uses + = to write the delegate to any other delegate that the event may connect to. When the client coding completes the receive event call, it will use the operator = to remove its delegate from the event. There are three handlers in my design for the IPMS. They are login handler, print invoice handler, print report handler, and fix handler. public class ProjectmanagerAA { public static void PintReport() {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   //Print the project report! à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ } public static void PintInvoice() {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   //Print the Invoice of the project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. } } class Teammember {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   public delegate void PintReportEventHandler();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   public static void Main(string[] args)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   PintReportEventHandler printDelegate = new PintReportEventHandler(ProjectmanagerAA.PintReport);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   printDelegate += ProjectmanagerAA.PintInvoice;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   printDelegate();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Console.ReadKey();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } } 4.4 Controller class The controller class happened in MVC software architecture model, and MVC is one of the architectural pattern. That means the IPMS system is divided into three core parts: Model, View, Controller. View is provided to the users user interface, is the program shell. Model is the core of the data layer, that is, the program needs to operate the data or information. Controller is responsible for the user from the view layer input instructions, select the data layer in the data, and then its corresponding operation, produce in the result. From the design class, I added many methods and events in the controller, if changed some code out of the controller, there is no effect to the controller. It can protect the algorithm in the controller. Then I can reuse the code easily. The controller can increase maintenance, scalability, and flexibility of the program. It good for testing. The code hierarchy is clear. They are through subclasses to complete the operation. The details in controller: addEmployee() updateEmployee() delEmployee() searchEmployee() getEmployeeInfo() settingAndAssigning() addclient() addProject() updateProject() closeProject() getProject() searchProject() addTask() updateTask() delTask() getTask() searchTask() getInvoice() getReport() print() 4.5 Design Pattern(s) I chose the following design patterns when I design it, but it very difficult for me to draw all of them in the design class, I will try to used them all in the system. 1) Template Method: Define the skeleton of an algorithm in operation, and delay some steps into subclasses. Template Method makes it possible for subclasses to redefine some of the specific steps of the algorithm without changing the structure of an algorithm. - design pattern GOF. If we need to simply read the Employee database records and display the table. For database operations, we know that no matter which table to read, it should generally go through the following steps: 1. Connect to the database (Connect) 2. Execute the query command (Select) 3. Display data 4. Disconnect the database connection (Disconnect) These steps are fixed, but the query for each specific data table is not the same. Obviously, this requires an abstract role that gives top-level implementation. As shown below: public abstract class DataAccessObject {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected string connectionString;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected DataSet dataSet;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected virtual void Connect()   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   connectionString =   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Server=.;User Id=sa;Password=;Database=Northwind;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected abstract void Select();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected abstract void Display();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   protected virtual void Disconnect()   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   connectionString = ;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   // The Template Method   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   public void Run()   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Connect();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Select();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Display();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Disconnect();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } } Obviously in this framework DataAccessObject gives a fixed outline, the method Run() is the template method, Template Method model also hence the name. And for the Select() and Display() these two abstract methods are left to the specific sub-class to achieve. 2) Command Pattern: The Command pattern encapsulates the command, separating the responsibility of the commander and the responsibility of the commander. We know that a class is a set of operations and the corresponding set of variables. 3) Observer Pattern: it can be used in the task class, once a task completed, via observer pattern to notify the project manager and project team and showing the team member is available, then project manager can give the member a new task. 4) Chain of Responsibility Pattern: let multiple objects have the opportunity to handle the request, thereby avoiding the coupling between the sender and the receiver of the request. Connect these objects into a chain, and pass the request along the chain, until there is an object to deal with it so far. This happened when the project manager assign the tasks to the project member. 5) Strategy Pattern: Define a system of algorithms that encapsulate them one by one and make them replace each other. This mode allows the algorithm to change independently of the customer who uses it. design pattern GOF. It used in our controller class, we protect all the algorithm in the controller, and we give it an interface to access. 6) State Pattern: We have to have the state pattern, Objects have different states and tend to exercise different behaviors. We have many status need to record in this system, employees status, project status, task status etc. and the handler is a typical state pattern. 7) Singleton Pattern used in Invoice, each project has only one Invoice. 8) Prototype Pattern used to isolate the coupling between the user of the class object and the specific type (variable class) which also requires this some variable classes have stable interfaces. It is used in the system, like the controller. 9) Facade Pattern: In the software development system, the use of Facade Pattern simplifies the simplification of the interaction between the client and the subsystem. Decoupling the dependencies between the internal subsystems of the complex system and the client program. In this system, it can be used in project manager, the project manager need to deal with lots of works for the project team and the project. 10) Proxy Pattern is used here like the interface class. 4.6 Database ADO.NET ADO.NET has three database client namespaces: one for SQL Server, another for Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) data sources and a third for any database exposed through OLE DB. Data-sharing consumer applications can use ADO.NET to connect to data sources and retrieve, manipulate, and update data. Connect database code:            Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   connectionString=Data Source=.SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=|DataDirectory|Books.mdf;Integrated Security=True;Connect Timeout=30;User Instance=True   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   providerName=System.Data.SqlClient />    4.7 Some Ways to Generate Reports Create a report view, and create a report structure. And call the details (such as project code, client details, the project start date, end date, the project status, budgets, and employee assigned) from the database. And the report must be able to create each tasks detail report. We can use handler here. It should mention who can create the report directly and who can see the report. using System; Local Reports:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬LocalReport report = new LocalReport();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   DataTable dtable1 = rdlcbiz.Get_tj_sqdlx_hd(tjr, tjs);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   DataTable dtable2 = rdlcbiz.Get_v_tj_tjdjb(tjr, tjs);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.ReportPath = Application.StartupPath + @/rcreport/Report.rdlc;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.EnableExternalImages = true;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ReportParameter r1 = new ReportParameter(tjs, str_tjdw);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ReportParameter r2 = new ReportParameter(barcode, str_path);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.DataSources.Clear();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.SetParameters(new ReportParameter[] { r1, r2 }); ReportDataSource(PEISDataSethd, dtable1))   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.DataSources.Add(new ReportDataSource(PEISDataSethd, dtable1));   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   report.DataSources.Add(new ReportDataSource(PEISDataSetjb, dtable2));   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   RdlcPrintNew rdlcprint = new RdlcPrintNew();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   rdlcprint.Run(report, Report Name, false, A4); The above code is when I click to print a report, call a method. Inside rdlcprint.Run (report, report name , false, A4); this method can be transferred to the hardware printer. The principle is: use LocalReport class to design the report, and store it on the local; then loaded in the parameters and data sources in the report to the specified report; call rdlcprint.Run (report, report name , False, A4); to achieve printing. CrystalReports: The CrystalReportViewer control allows you to view Crystal Reports in your application. The ReportSource property is used to set which report to view. After the property is set, the report is displayed in the viewer. The report source can be either the ReportDocument, the path to the report file, or the strongly typed report. In this system, we can create report from ADO.NET dataset using System; using System.Windows.Forms; using CrystalDecisions.CrystalReports.Engine; using CrystalDecisions.Shared; namespace WindowsApplication1 {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   public partial class Form1 : Form   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   public Form1()   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   InitializeComponent();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ReportDocument cryRpt = new ReportDocument();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   cryRpt.Load(PUT CRYSTAL REPORT PATH HERECrystalReport1.rpt);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   TableLogOnInfos crtableLogoninfos = new TableLogOnInfos();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   TableLogOnInfo crtableLogoninfo = new TableLogOnInfo();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ConnectionInfo crConnectionInfo = new ConnectionInfo();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Tables CrTables;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crConnectionInfo.ServerName = YOUR SERVERNAME;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crConnectionInfo.DatabaseName = DATABASE NAME;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crConnectionInfo.UserID = USERID;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crConnectionInfo.Password = PASSWORD;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CrTables = cryRpt.Database.Tables;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   foreach (CrystalDecisions.CrystalReports.Engine.Table CrTable in CrTables)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crtableLogoninfo = CrTable.LogOnInfo;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   crtableLogoninfo.ConnectionInfo = crConnectionInfo;   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   CrTable.ApplyLogOnInfo(crtableLogoninfo);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   cryRpt.Refresh();   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   cryRpt.PrintToPrinter(2, true, 1, 2);   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } } 4.8 Testing Classification of software testing According to the testing process (development stage), the software testing is divided into the following categories: Unit Testing: Its known as module testing, software design is the smallest unit testing the program module for the correctness of the test work. Integration Testing: its known as assembly test, according to the design requirements, assemble modules for testing, the main goal is to find the interface-related issues. Confirm testing: Verify that the function and performance of the software and other features are consistent with the users requirements. System testing: it is carried out after the integration test, the purpose is to fully run the system to verify whether the subsystems can work properly and complete the design requirements. Acceptance Testing: user-oriented, developers to participate in the test to the specifications for the model. The testing procedure as follows: 4.9 Additional Function This system has a lot of features, if it also can add HR to manage the staff and calculate the salary, it should be better; If we can set the completion date and time for this project, when you log in the system, the message window will show the countdown time for the project team member to remind them to obey the time well; Each task can be automatically assigned to the free project members, when a task is clicked at the end of the time, the system will automatically test it, find out the problem and solve it; After repaired the problem then click the button to notify all the relevant personnel of this task has been completed and so on. 4.10 For Growing Requirements Development principles: The design should be open when the design to adapt to change; Database design should be standardized; Design framework should also be standardized, standardized system and documents have significance significant for system upgrade and maintenance; To unify the development process when system planning. Development and change, information technology with each passing day, the internal and external environment of enterprises will be changed, which requires us to re-develop the time to focus on the scalability of the system to meet the changing needs of enterprises. And we should use the modular structure, object-oriented technology, middleware technology and other software reuse technology for the growing requirements.

The Grifters :: English Literature Essays

The Grifters Symbolism in The Grifters The Novel and Film of The Grifters had many uses of symbolism, supporting the theme of sexual corruption, and the fall of the three main characters’ craft of the grift. In the novel, symbolism was tougher to pick out. However, the descriptions of the characters created symbolic visualizations of their personalities and human nature. The film had more obvious uses of symbolism through the choice of women’s clothes, the character’s actions, and their language. In the film, symbolism was everywhere. In the beginning of the film, the pictures of the city were in black and white and dull shades, giving the city a gloomy look. The camera angles made the cars in the city appear tiny, and the buildings appear very large to symbolize how small everything was amongst the city. The interiors of the office buildings and the panic symbolized that there was no way out. The soundtrack of the film was symbolic to the tension of the film. The darkness of visual composition of the lighting in the film, symbolized the darkness of the human nature in the story. Roy’s character as a conman is revealed early in the story when he was puking after the blow to his stomach due to an unsuccessful con job. In the novel, he told the cop that he was just sick; symbolizing that he was a manipulator, and was used to lying. In the beginning of the film, Roy answered to the cop with, â€Å"some bad shrimp†¦,† which was extremely ironic to me because it symbolized that something was a bit fishy about Roy’s character. In the film, Roy hid his money behind clown paintings, which symbolized the joke of his grift. The irony was that he took his grift so seriously. In establishing Lilly’s character, the author of the novel used the line, â€Å"Roy danced around her in helpless rage,† which to me symbolizes her dominance. Moira was compared to a â€Å"kitty† early on in the novel, which symbolized her feistiness. The film showed the hotel elevator descending to symbolize Moira going to Hell. At the close of the story in both the novel and the film, Lily wore Moira’s red dress after killing her; symbolizing the blood of both their deaths. The women themselves were symbols of excitement empowered by their sexuality. A minor character in the film and a more prominent character in the novel was Nurse Carol.

Analysis of Act 1 Essay

A form of love expressed within ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is the â€Å"love at first sight† that Romeo feels upon seeing Juliet for the first time. In Shakespearean times, platonic love was prominent and this is clear in Romeo’s soliloquy. â€Å"Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear† implies Juliet is angelic, demonstrating Romeo’s instant affection for her. Angel is within the semantic field of religion, a very important factor in the time with which the play is set and therefore illustrates not only Romeo’s apparent need to shower her with praise and affection, but also how serious his feelings actually are. Religious imagery is used again in stating â€Å"and touching hers, make blessed my rude hand† yet again suggesting that Juliet is a saint and that by touching her Romeo would become â€Å"blessed†. This, however, portrays Romeo’s beliefs within love. As mentioned, platonic love was the general way in which relationships at the time were, so by Romeo stating that he should touch her shows his forwardness and his almost childlike, selfish tendencies proving his obsession with love. Later within Act 1, Scene 5, however, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet upon first meeting. The sonnet is the ultimate display of love and by speaking it together, Shakespeare allows the audience to understand that the two are not only seriously in love, but also share a very pure and unadulterated love- one that is beyond all other love. Shakespeare also displays how, now after seeing Juliet, Romeo has completely dismissed Rosaline, who he was irrevocably in love with not long before hand. â€Å"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight. For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night† emphasises this by stating both the beauty of Juliet to be above all others and states that the beauty he believed Rosaline to have was not indeed so, quite ironically as four scenes previously he stated that she was â€Å"fair† and â€Å"exquisite†, yet again exposes Romeo’s fickle behaviour in terms of love. Romeo also declares â€Å"so shows a snowy dove trooping with crows† showing his dismissal of what he felt for Rosaline. The sentence is antithesis, demonstrating Romeo’s opinion that Juliet is exemplary again, â€Å"crows† being opposed to doves but also connoting death, expressing the extremity of Romeo’s statement. Romeo’s love for Juliet does appear as though genuine. The first few lines of the soliloquy mostly contain monosyllabic words and are very simple in both style of speech and and the intelligence of the vocabulary. This shows the sincerity of his love as it is completely opposed to when he was speaking of Rosaline. Where his speech then was organised and intentionally melancholy and philosophical, this is his first and genuine opinion of Juliet and her beauty. The soliloquy also consists of five rhyming couplets conveying the speech as romantic, as rhyming couplets are a poetic technique which in turn is considered romantic.

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buy custom Mark Wallace essay Mark Wallace approach ethnography as a qualitative technique that is concerned with the understanding and learning of cultural phenomena, which are shown in knowledge and system that guide the life of a cultural group. Ethnography is centered in the studies of ethnic groups, ethnic genesis, people, composition, settlement, social welfare, and composition. Therefore, it remains crucial in analyzing human societies and cultures. In fact, scholars have argued that ethnography is aimed at describing the nature and characteristics of the people under study. The novel, the Quarry and the Lot, is centered on three friends; Luke, Nick and Amelia. They returned to their homeland to attend a funeral of their childhood friend, Joseph Klein. On the contrary, the deceased took a different life dimension that made him reckless and ruthless, though he was brought up as a decent and humble boy. Joseph took a different culture in life that was different from that of his friends. Evidently, the people who attended his funeral were not sorry about his death (Wallace 94). There were mixed reactions and emotions during the funeral since the deceaseds ways of life could not be compared to his age mates and friends. Joseph grew up in Texas, and it was very difficult to understand what made him choose the most controversial way of life. He was perceived by many people as ruthless, destructive and bully, a subculture he admired. This kind of a subculture was not in conformity with the normal societal values, which advocates for the proper upbringing of chi ldren. The children are expected to grow up respectfully. However, these unaccepted behavior that Joseph adored brought him a lot of happiness. Unfortunately, the bad behavior led to his tragic death at the tender age of thirty two. Perhaps, it is the bad character that does not conform to the societal norms and values that makes him as a character in the novel fades quickly as the novel continues (Wallace 19). In the novel, there are some subcultures that were clearly not accepted in the society. For example, prostitution and homosexuality that eroded the moral principles of the society. Notably, these bad sub-cultural practices emerged and continued to flourish in the society. An important question to ask is the availability of the custodians and moral guidance when immoral acts of prostitution and homosexuality emerged and slowly became acceptable in the society. The fact that the disciplines of religion and sociology were taken for granted for many years, until the nineteenth century shows a lot of contrast between the two groups of people; those who lived before and after the nineteenth century. Studies show that those people who lived before the nineteenth century were perceived as rigid about morality. They advocated for harsh sanctions, heavy punishments and penalty to discourage immoral acts on the society. The heavy punishments and sanctions would help the society maintain its identity that was morally and ethically sound. During this period, it was not easy to get someone who could come out to confess about having been in same gender relationships, and having committed acts of prostitution. However, in some modern societies, acts such as gay marriages and abortion are allowed to take place. Due to the issues of cultural relativism, it is hard to tell precisely the moral acts since the concept moral is relative; depending on place, tim e and the population characteristics. In the novel, the narrators grandfather learnt from the jaguar experience in Mexico that some things were beyond human understanding. He compares the jaguar incidence to mens behavior in Texas, which is after a night of gambling and drinking. These activities made men behave violently without any apparent reason. The situation was different in Mexico, where the jaguar, though hungry and in danger, it did not engage men in violence. Instead, it slipped away in the morning. This made the narrator understand that mystery was a real phenomenon. Just like the narrators grand fathers failure to understand why the jaguar landed on his roof top, the narrator could as well not understand the mystery behind the death of his friend, Joseph (Wallace 68). In the novel, the narrator tries to explain why the men failed to kill the jaguar since it is not culturally accepted to kill animals without proper reasons. However, the situation is different in Texas, where boys like torturing animals owing to their poor and cruel upbringing. This sub-theme clearly shows the disparity and cultural differences of the people of Texas and Mexico. In chapter one of the novel, the author makes a comparison between two cultures. In Texas, the narrator receives a phone call from his son, informing him about the death of Joseph, Klein. At the beginning, it is not clear to the narrator and his wife about who has actually made the call. To them, this incidence is quite different from the Jaguars. In the Jaguars incidence, the grandfather never wanted someone to make a call because he did not wantanybody to know about that scary incidence. In a way, this showed how the grand father was cultured in an environment where the information secrecy was highly valued (Wallace 86). In addition, the arrival of the narrators grandfather in Mexico brings another sharp contrast between the two cultures that is American and Mexican. In America, the narrators grandfather was considered as a small town doctor, in the United States, but the situation was different in Mexico. In Mexico, he was highly respected, amongst the poor and the rich. This shows the culture and identity of the Mexican who are portrayed in the novel as loving and welcoming. Here, the rich do not despise the poor, as evidenced with the grandfathers welcome. Evidently, the narrator portrays the sub-culture that is propagated by the jaguar as outlawed groups, which engaged in careless consumption of alcohol and other drinks. Besides, the group engages in listening terror-themed rap music that promotes acts of hooligans and crime in the society. In fact, such music is not descent t listened to since they are sources of immoral acts and bad behavior among the youth in the society. This kind of outlawed cultures forms the foundation of hostility in the society. For instance, Josephs brother appreciated their humble background and lifestyle. However, Joseph succumbed to an alien sub-culture when he refused to accommodate the laughter and mockery of his fellow students when they were at school. He saw this as an embarrassment since he never wanted to accept that he was from a poor family. From this analysis, it can be deduced that poverty was never welcomed in this sub-culture, and the poor were often looked down upon. This is contrary to what we saw in Mexico, where both the rich and the poor were friendly, loving and lived alongside each other in peace (Wallace 69). Moreover, it is clear, from the analysis of the novel that economic status dictates the culture of the people. For instance, in American sub-culture, the rich did not easily welcome Josephs grandfather, who was seen as small village doctor. But, in Mexico, the situation was different, since the majority is the middle and low income earners; people can easily cope up with one another and live in a peaceful co-existence. Besides, the economic inequality is evidenced in the media houses, which associate crime with music that is produced by psychopathic records, famous among the poor and the middle class. For instance, Joseph and other juggalas who are from the low income families found themselves on the wrong side of the law when they were unfairly persecuted because of their cultural way of dress code, music listened to and their eating habits, which were regarded by the rich as unethical and lack decency. It is interesting to note the way the sub-cultures in the novel are portrayed and how different generations perceive various cultures. For example, fifty years ago, homosexuality was considered as a criminal offense. The homosexuals and lesbians could not come out and openly declare their intentions and marital status. But, currently the culture is accepted in some societies, and there are some cases of gay marriages, even in churches. Arguably, this kind of culture is common in the urban settings (Wallace 19). It is debatable to ask oneself, why the same societies that promote moral degradation and decadence are the ones who pioneer scientific and technological development. A society that is not morally responsible for its action can make its people perish. For example, the use of technological and scientific knowledge to manufacture nuclear weapons and drugs can lead to mass destruction and loss of lives, if the society is not responsible and accountable for its actions. Currently, the lesbians and gays make use of the social network sites to carry out their activities. Before, these activities were considered as cultural taboos and no one could easily declare such status in public. Immoral acts such as pornography were unheard of, and could not be allowed to take place in the traditional society where culture was highly valued. Various questions have been raised on the fate of homosexuality why it started and its effects on peoples lives living during that time, and why there is no much literature on the same. Possibly, the societal culture did not permit such texts to be openly discussed. Could be the male dominance and chauvinism never allowed some issues to be publicly discussed; especially the women were not permitted by their male counterparts to discuss issues about men. In fact, in the past, writings on gay and lesbianism were considered immoral and unlawful since such texts could easily land someone in jail (Wallace 59). The war against homosexual sub-culture started around the eighteenth century. By then, the population that practiced the homosexual sub-culture was smaller than the current one. In fact, there were no polices, which were put in place to promote the practice of the homosexuality. But, still the practice went against all odds and it became paramount in the society, despite the strong oopposition from the government and the society. From the novel, a special police force known as the Mouches was established to eliminate the homosexual culture. This special police force who pretended to be lesbians failed to expel the homosexual sub-culture that had grown into a strong force. According to the analysis from the novel, it is that a subculture though accepted and followed by only a few people can grow into a strong force that is not easy to get rid of in the society. This is evident with the case of the homosexuals, who were just a handful people, but still remained a big threat to the soci ety. This group that formed the subculture was hard to eliminate in the society, even the state machinery, which is the special police force could not contain this group of people. The legislative policies and state ideologies also failed to contain the homosexual subculture. Therefore, one would ask whether there is a possibility of containing that subculture in the society. But, before that it is important to analyze some of the social effects of such subcultures in the society. What would happen if the society members accept and embrace the subculture of homosexual and lesbianism? To some extent, the narrator of the story was trying to say that the society has failed to contain the subcultures, which were considered immoral such as homosexuality and lesbianism. Though, there is still some glimmer of hope since the society and the government is making all the possible attempts to discourage such subculture. Amerilia, a female character in the novel, fell a victim to sexual abuse and harassment from her father and brothers (Wallace 76). This clearly shows that that par1ticular society does not respect womens dignity and personal privacy that infringe their rights. Besides, it is clear from the novel that the society does not respect the institution of marriage. On the other hand, the fathers have failed in their parenting role (Wallace 32). The women do not have a voice to be heard in this society since Amerilas mother does not come out strongly in the novel to condemn the acts of sexual abuse and harassment to her daughter. The society failed to define appropriate punishments for such offenses. In away, it can be deduced that the society is compromising a lot on some behavior, which are eventually accepted as a societal norm. Another worrying subculture that is evident from the readings is abortion, which comes as a result of prostitution. The prostitution is prevalent in the urban areas, where people from different cultures meet and often make casual intimate relationships. Little or no marriages are taking place in these relationships, which result in unwanted pregnancies. From the novel, this is portrayed as lack of respect for life and the unborn. In the past, acts of abortion were highly condemned in the society, and one found committing such acts were either excommunicated or killed to serve as a warning to the others. But, currently the situation is different since laws have been put in place to legalize abortion. Despite the advantages of the abortion, it is evidenced that the societal morals are eroding very fast. Festivals remain one of the pillars of the subculture. Several occasions were set to perform ceremonies, which marked some specific events in the society such as harvesting ceremonies, naming ceremonies, religious ceremonies and others. For example, marriage ceremonies ushered the couples into a permanent union and start of a new life. During such occasions, people gathered as a sign of unity in the society. However, things are different these days. The ceremonies have been commercialized and lost meaning. In fact, the society has become disunited. Often, politicians attend ceremonies and gatherings just to pursue their own personal interests and ambitions to gain power. Notably, these are some of the sub-cultural aspects, which are highlighted in the novel (Wallace 78). Conclusion In sum, from the novels settings, Wallace portrays a community a society that greatly relied on locally produced foods and drinks. For example, the fermented drinks were highly valued at that time. However, after the industrial revolution, peoples tastes and consumption patterns shifted from the locally produced products to the industrial ones. And this was seen in the lifestyle shift of Juggalo and his friends who often consumed cheap soft drinks as discussed earlier. This clearly shows how the society cultures of the past are rapidly changing. Indeed, Wallace is overwhelmed by the American sub-urban cultural setting that supports conventional individualism and selfishness. The main emphasis from the novel is that culture should be a unifying factor in the society. Culture should unite both the rich and the poor in the society so that there is a sense of harmony and belonging. Without unity, it is very hard to promote culture in the society. Consequently, the absence of a very strong culture in the society breeds the elements of sub-cultures, which lack proper moral principles and doctrines that finally led to the societys moral degradation. Buy custom Mark Wallace essay

How to set up a Hard Drive essays

How to set up a Hard Drive essays To set up a new hard drive, firstly you need to switch off the power supply and then remove the casing. If you were installing a new hard drive you would have to set the primary hard drive as the master and the new hard drive as a slave. To do this you would have to change the jumpers, the jumpers are located on 3 pins, and these pins should be in-between where the power cable goes and the IDE cable goes. To do this properly you would have to refer to the hard drives manual; it all depends on the hard drive itself. When you checked and changed any jumpers, you can start to put the hard drive into the computer system. If the drive bay is actually bigger than the hard drive you would need a drive bracket to hold it in place. Most modern computers have two bays specially designed to hold more than 1 hard drives. When inserting the hard drive, make sure that no wires or cables are sticking out or get caught, also make sure that the hard drive is the right way up (the label should be at the top). When the drive is inserted, secure the drive with screws provided. Now that the drive is in place, it needs to be connected to the rest of the PC. Firstly connect the IDE cable (the long, wide and grey cable) to the hard drive. This cable should already be connected to the existing hard drive, to make sure that the cable is around the right way, there should be a red line running down the side of the cable, this red line should be closest to the power cable. When the IDE cable is connected, the power cable is the next thing to connect, this power cable runs from the main power supply inside the computer and should have four different coloured wires. This cable can only connect one way. Now the new hard drive is connected, the computer now needs to recognise the new hard drive, to make the computer do this, you would need to enter the computers BIOS. To enter the BIOS, usually you need to press DE ...

Nursing Theory Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Nursing Theory Analysis - Assignment Example Before coming up with the Jane Watson theory of human caring, Dr. Jane Watson, who is also the founder of the Watson Caring Institute, received her bachelors, masters and Doctor of Philosophy qualifications. Apart from her professional and academic expertise, Dr. Jane Watson’s personal experience played a huge role in the development of the theory, which mainly focuses on human caring. Going through Dr. Jane Watson’s teachings, publications and writings, one will not fail to recognize the fact that human caring is diverse than had been perceived by other scholars as it incorporates the emotions of the healthcare provider as well as the inner subjective feelings. That explains why in most of her works, Dr. Watson strives to provide both voice and spiritual credibility to the practice of human caring. Dr. Watson asserts that her personal experience made her realize the extent to which the practice of human caring had been neglected in the models and practices of medicinal science. This follows a traumatic injury that she had, an uncanny golfing accident she went through with her grandson as well as the sudden demise of her devoted husband who committed suicide. The streak of unfortunate events made Dr. Jane Watson aware of the fact that both human caring and healing are the main principles of human nursing as a practice. Moreover, human caring should not only be left to nurses, but all healthcare professionals, health educators, health service workers as well as all the other entities involved in the caring journey should join hands in ascertaining that life is sustained. Apart from Dr. Jane Watson, who established the theory, different scholars have written various works on the hypothesis. Moreover, the scholars have reaffirmed that the practice of human caring should be founded on a professional, academic and personal

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Epidemiology - Essay Example It is possible to have increased labour force participation by older workers. A slow growth in the labour force shall see health administration retain older workers by offering higher wages; flexible working schedules, increased training toward the older workers. This transition shall increase the dependence of technology in the health care field. Health administration shall invest heavily in research to come up with ways to deal with the economic implication presented by the post-industrial transition. Gaziano observes that the United States shall experience a new epidemiological transition. This new phase is because of a decline in physical activity among the population whereas their total caloric intake increases (Gaziano, 2008). The result is an epidemic of obesity that is already affecting the United States. This stage explains the expected rise in cases of type 2 diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and hypertension associated with obesity. The health administration faces this new challenge when their efforts are focused in reducing cases of degenerative and man-made diseases affecting the present society. Health administration shall invest in programs aimed at raising awareness on the importance of maintain healthy diet and being physically active. Health administration shall rely on school programs to ensure children understand the importance of physical activities. The federal government presently supports the health administration field by ensuring that the school diet promotes healthy living